Sumer is the earliest known civilization (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait)living along the valleys of Tigris and Euphrates , sumerian farmer's were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops ,the surplus of which enabled the to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC.^[2]

Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), an agglutinative language isolate.^[3][4][5][6] These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",^[7] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia.^{[8][9][10][11]} The Ubaidians (though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves) are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.^[7]....